Photosynthesis vs Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis: 

                             light

6CO2 + 6H2O --------------------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

                        chloroplast

Cellular Respiration:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --------------------> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP

Differences: 

Similarities: 

- essentially the same reaction but reverse

- both involve in the exchange of gases (carbon dioxide, oxygen)
- both involve the movement of electrons through electron transport chain
- ATP is a key molecule in both
- ATP is produced through ATP synthase
- both take place in an organelle thought to be ingested (double membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts)
- both have alternative pathways; photosynthesis (cyclic, C4, CAM) and respiration (fermentation) 

Light Dependent vs Light-Independent Reactions

The light independent reaction occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast, and the light dependent reaction occurs in the thylakoid of the chloroplast. In the light dependent reaction (the two photosystems), products from there are transported to the light independent reaction. In the light dependent reaction, photolysis splits two water molecules, and the H+ remains on the side, ready to be moved on to Photosystem I from II via the electron transport chain. Oxygen is released during Photosystem II. ATP synthase binds ADP and P together as the hydrogen atoms travel with the ATP synthase. In Photosystem I, NADP+ accepts and carries two pairs of hydrogen atoms, and while doing so, becomes NADPH. ATP and NADPH goes to the Calvin Cycle (light independent). In the Calvin Cycle, NADPH and ATP is taken in, and NADP+ and ADP is released to the light dependent reactions. Carbon dioxide is taken in, and glucose is released in the light independent reaction.

Light - Dependent:
makes NADPH
uses electron transport chain
needs sunlight

Light - Independent:
makes sugar
forms stored energy
uses calvin cycle
occurs in the dark

BOTH:
occurs in the chloroplast

Dissection: Fetal Pig

       A dissection was done in class to physically view the anatomy of the pig and to gain a better understanding of the organs in each focused system.

Before and After 

The sex of our pig is MALE because testis were present.

Brain - Controls almost everything that happens internally

Eye - (Lens and Cornea) Vision and optic nerves to transmit images to brain

Thyroid - Regulates metabolism and produces T3 and T4

Trachea and Larynx - The trachea allows for air passage while the larynx manipulates volume and pitch 

Heart - Propels blood throughout the body

Diaphragm - Below the lungs, a thin muscle (almost like a membrane) separates the chest cavity from the abdomen and allows for the expansion of the lungs when we breathe

Liver - Located below the diaphragm, the liver produces proteins for blood plasma, and is glycogen storage

Gallbladder - On the underside of the liver, the gallbladder produces, stores, and transports the bile to the duodenum after eating

Pancreas - In the upper abdomen behind the stomach, the pancreas produces enzymes that aid the in break down of left over food in the the stomach and produces insulin to regulate blood sugar levels

Spleen - Touching the pancreas, the spleen recycles old red blood cells and stores platelets and white blood cells

Small Intestine - 90% of the digestion and absorption of food occurs

Large Intestine - Absorption of water takes place

Stomach - Chemical (acids, enzymes, pepsin) and physical breakdown of food
We actually noticed a bit of some greenish black substance inside the stomach. We believe it to be amniotic fluid.

Kidney - Filters waste products from blood and is excreted as urine